Learn Oneida

Module 2

NOTE: This page is still under construction!
In this module, we‘ll cover the following:

New verbs

Below are the paradigms for three new verbs:
All of these begin with a consonant so they use C-stem pronominals.

Red pronominals

... like it... know it... love it
Iknú·wehse̲ʔkyʌtelíˍknolúkhwa̲ʔ
Yousnú·wehse̲ʔtsyʌtelíˍsnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Helanú·wehse̲ʔlayʌtelíˍlanolúkhwa̲ʔ
Sheyenú·wehse̲ʔyeyʌtelíˍyenolúkhwa̲ʔ
Itkanú·wehse̲ʔkayʌtelíˍkanolúkhwa̲ʔ
You and Itninú·wehse̲ʔtniyʌtelíˍtninolúkhwa̲ʔ
Someone and Iyakninú·wehse̲ʔyakniyʌtelíˍyakninolúkhwa̲ʔ
You twosninú·wehse̲ʔsniyʌtelíˍsninolúkhwa̲ʔ
Two maleshninú·wehse̲ʔhniyʌtelíˍhninolúkhwa̲ʔ
Two femaleskninú·wehse̲ʔkniyʌtelíˍkninolúkhwa̲ʔ
You all and Itwanú·wehse̲ʔtwayʌtelíˍtwanolúkhwa̲ʔ
They and Iyakwanú·wehse̲ʔyakwayʌtelíˍyakwanolúkhwa̲ʔ
All of youswanú·wehse̲ʔswayʌtelíˍswanolúkhwa̲ʔ
They (males)latinú·wehse̲ʔlatiyʌtelíˍlatinolúkhwa̲ʔ
They (females)kutinú·wehse̲ʔkutiyʌtelíˍkutinolúkhwa̲ʔ

Blue pronominals

it likes ...it knows ...it loves ...
Mewaknú·wehse̲ʔwakyʌtelíˍwaknolúkhwa̲ʔ
Yousanú·wehse̲ʔsayʌtelíˍsanolúkhwa̲ʔ
Himlonú·wehse̲ʔloyʌtelíˍlonolúkhwa̲ʔ
Heryakonú·wehse̲ʔyakoyʌtelíˍyakonolúkhwa̲ʔ
Ityonú·wehse̲ʔyoyʌtelíˍyonolúkhwa̲ʔ
You and Iyukninú·wehse̲ʔyukniyʌtelíˍyukninolúkhwa̲ʔ
Someone and Iyukninú·wehse̲ʔyukniyʌtelíˍyukninolúkhwa̲ʔ
You twosninú·wehse̲ʔsniyʌtelíˍsninolúkhwa̲ʔ
Two maleslotinú·wehse̲ʔlotiyʌtelíˍlotinolúkhwa̲ʔ
Two femalesyotinú·wehse̲ʔyotiyʌtelíˍyotinolúkhwa̲ʔ
You all and Iyukwanú·wehse̲ʔyukwayʌtelíˍyukwanolúkhwa̲ʔ
Them and Iyukwanú·wehse̲ʔyukwayʌtelíˍyukwanolúkhwa̲ʔ
All of youswanú·wehse̲ʔswayʌtelíˍswanolúkhwa̲ʔ
Them (males)lotinú·wehse̲ʔlotiyʌtelíˍlotinolúkhwa̲ʔ
Them (females)yotinú·wehse̲ʔyotiyʌtelíˍyotinolúkhwa̲ʔ

Purple pronominals

... like ...... know ...... love ...
I → youkunú·wehse̲ʔkuyʌtelíˍkunolúkhwa̲ʔ
I → himlinú·wehse̲ʔliyʌtelíˍlinolúkhwa̲ʔ
I → herkhenú·wehse̲ʔkheyʌtelíˍkhenolúkhwa̲ʔ
You → mesknú·wehse̲ʔskyʌtelíˍsknolúkhwa̲ʔ
You → himhetshnú·wehse̲ʔhetshyʌtelíˍhetshnolúkhwa̲ʔ
You → hershenú·wehse̲ʔsheyʌtelíˍshenolúkhwa̲ʔ
He → melaknú·wehse̲ʔlakyʌtelíˍlaknolúkhwa̲ʔ
He → youyanú·wehse̲ʔyayʌtelíˍyanolúkhwa̲ʔ
He → himlonú·wehse̲ʔloyʌtelíˍlonolúkhwa̲ʔ
He → hershakonú·wehse̲ʔshakoyʌtelíˍshakonolúkhwa̲ʔ
She → meyuknú·wehse̲ʔyukyʌtelíˍyuknolúkhwa̲ʔ
She → youyesanú·wehse̲ʔyesayʌtelíˍyesanolúkhwa̲ʔ
She → himluwanú·wehse̲ʔluwayʌtelíˍluwanolúkhwa̲ʔ
She → heryutatnú·wehse̲ʔyutatyʌtelíˍyutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ

Reflexive

We can add an additional prefix to a root word to make the root word apply to oneself. For example, knú·wehse̲ʔ means "I like it". Adding the prefix atat before the root word and after the pronominal will translate to "I like myself": katatnú·wehse̲ʔ.
The trickiness comes from the interesting behaviour that arises from adding atat to the root word. Adding this prefix "changes" the root word to use an A-stem.
... like oneself... know oneself... love oneself
Ikatatnú·wehse̲ʔkatatyʌtelíˍkatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Yousatatnú·wehse̲ʔsatatyʌtelíˍsatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Helatatnú·wehse̲ʔlatatyʌtelíˍlatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Sheyutatnú·wehse̲ʔyutatyʌtelíˍyutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Itwatatnú·wehse̲ʔwatatyʌtelíˍwatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
You and Ityatatnú·wehse̲ʔtyatatyʌtelíˍtyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Someone and Itsyatatnú·wehse̲ʔtsyatatyʌtelíˍtsyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
You twoyakyatatnú·wehse̲ʔyakyatatyʌtelíˍyakyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Two maleshyatatnú·wehse̲ʔhyatatyʌtelíˍhyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Two femaleskyatatnú·wehse̲ʔkyatatyʌtelíˍkyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
You all and Itwatatnú·wehse̲ʔtwatatyʌtelíˍtwatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
They and Iyakwatatnú·wehse̲ʔyakwatatyʌtelíˍyakwatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
All of youswatatnú·wehse̲ʔswatatyʌtelíˍswatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
They (males)lutatnú·wehse̲ʔlutatyʌtelíˍlutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
They (females)kutatnú·wehse̲ʔkutatyʌtelíˍkutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ

Reciprocal

We can go even further and add yet another prefix to a root word to make the root word apply between two subjects "in each direction". In English, an example of this is "Someone and I like each other". The term for this is "reciprocal".
To translate this sentence into Oneida, let‘s first take the root word for "to like", nuwehseʔ, and apply the reflexive prefix: atatnuwehseʔ. This is now an A-stem word so we can look at the red pronominals table to find the corresponding prefix for "Someone and I", which is yaky. So far we have yakyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ, but if you look in the previous section, this means "Someone and I like ourselves". To make it reciprocal, we add te at the beginning.
So the result is: teyakyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ.
... like oneself... know oneself... love oneself
Itekatatnú·wehse̲ʔtekatatyʌtelíˍtekatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Youtesatatnú·wehse̲ʔtesatatyʌtelíˍtesatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Hetelatatnú·wehse̲ʔtelatatyʌtelíˍtelatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Sheteyutatnú·wehse̲ʔteyutatyʌtelíˍteyutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Ittewatatnú·wehse̲ʔtewatatyʌtelíˍtewatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
You and Itetyatatnú·wehse̲ʔtetyatatyʌtelíˍtetyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Someone and Itetsyatatnú·wehse̲ʔtetsyatatyʌtelíˍtetsyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
You twoteyakyatatnú·wehse̲ʔteyakyatatyʌtelíˍteyakyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Two malesteyatatnú·wehse̲ʔteyatatyʌtelíˍteyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
Two femalestekyatatnú·wehse̲ʔtekyatatyʌtelíˍtekyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
You all and Itetwatatnú·wehse̲ʔtetwatatyʌtelíˍtetwatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
They and Iteyakwatatnú·wehse̲ʔteyakwatatyʌtelíˍteyakwatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
All of youteswatatnú·wehse̲ʔteswatatyʌtelíˍteswatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
They (males)telutatnú·wehse̲ʔtelutatyʌtelíˍtelutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ
They (females)tekutatnú·wehse̲ʔtekutatyʌtelíˍtekutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ

Commands

Here we introduce commands, which have different pronominals in some cases. The two commands are:

hlo·li̲ʔ̲· — to tell someone

EnglishTranslation
(you) tell me
takhlo·li̲´
you tell all of us
all of you tell me
all of you tell all of us
takwahlo·li̲´
(you) tell her
shehlo·li̲´
(you) tell him
hetshlo·li̲´

liwanu·túse̲ — to ask someone

EnglishTranslation
(you) ask me
takliʔwanu·túse̲
you ask all of us
all of you ask me
all of you ask all of us
takwaliʔwanu·túse̲
(you) ask her
sheliʔwanu·túse̲
(you) ask him
hetsliʔwanu·túse̲

Negated Commands

We can negate the commands learned above too. Notice that some of the pronominals are different.

Takʌ ...hlo·li̲’̲· — don‘t tell someone

EnglishTranslation
Don't (you) tell me
Tákʌʔ ʌskhlo·li̲´
Don't you tell all of us
Don't all of you tell me
Don't all of you tell all of us
Tákʌʔ ʌskwahlo·li̲´
Don't (you) tell her
Tákʌʔ ʌshehlo·li̲´
Don't (you) tell him
Tákʌʔ ʌhetshlo·li̲´

Takʌ ...liwanu·túse̲ — don‘t ask someone

EnglishTranslation
Don't (you) ask me
Tákʌʔ ʌskliʔwanu·túse̲
Don't you ask all of us
Don't all of you ask me
Don't all of you ask all of us
Tákʌʔ ʌskwaliʔwanu·túse̲
Don't (you) ask her
Tákʌʔ ʌsheliʔwanu·túse̲
Don't (you) ask him
Tákʌʔ ʌhetsliʔwanu·túse̲

Family Members

In Oneida, pronominals are used to designate family relations. For example, the root word ʔkʌha is used for both brother and sister, but the pronominals give the context so a listener knows which one it is. Similarly, nulha is the root word for mother, aunt, and uncle, but the pronominals give context.
Most of the time, purple pronominals are used. When the relative is older, you must use the pronominal that corresponds to "relative" → "person". When the relative is younger, use the "person" → "relative" pronominal.
As a more concrete example, if I wanted to say "my uncle", I would start with the root word nulha. My uncle is a male, and is older than me, so I would then look up the pronominal corresponding to "him → me" which is lak. Thus, the translation is laknulhá·.
Similarly, to say "your niece", start with the root word "uhwatʌha". Look up the pronominal corresponding to "you → her" (because your niece is younger than you) and attach it to the root word. The result is sheyuhwatʌha.
Note: the term "older" is misleading as it doesn‘t exactly mean "age", but it is more to do with "seniority" in the bloodline. Even if your uncle is actually younger than you, you would still use the pronominal for "he → you".

Older Female Relatives

Pronoun (en)
mother
nulha
aunt
nulha
grandmother
hsotha
older sister
ʔkʌha
My
aknulhá·yuknulhá·akhsótha̲yukʔkʌ́ha̲
Your
sanulhá·yesanulhá·sahsótha̲yesaʔkʌ́ha̲
His
lonulhá·luwanulhá·laohsótha̲luwaʔkʌ́ha̲
Her
akonulhá·utatnulhá·akohsótha̲akoʔkʌ́ha̲
All our
yukhinulhá·yukhinulhá·yukhihsótha̲yukhiʔkʌ́ha̲
All of yours
swanulhá·yetshinulhá·swahsótha̲yetshiʔkʌ́ha̲

Younger Female Relatives

Pronoun (en)
daughter
yʌha
niece
uhwatʌha
granddaughter
atleha
younger sister
ʔkʌha
great-granddaughter
atleʔslʌtuheʔ
My
kheyʌ́ha̲kheyuhwatʌ́ha̲kheyatléha̲kheʔkʌ́ha̲kheyatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
Your
sheyʌ́ha̲sheyuhwatʌ́ha̲sheyatléha̲sheʔkʌ́ha̲sheyatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
His
shakoyʌ́ha̲shakoyuhwatʌ́ha̲shakotléha̲shakoʔkʌ́ha̲shakotléha̲
Her
utatyʌ́ha̲utatyuhwatʌ́ha̲utatatléha̲utatʔkʌ́ha̲utatatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
All our
yethiyʌ́ha̲yethiyuhwatʌ́ha̲yethiyatléha̲yethiʔkʌ́ha̲yethiyatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
All of yours
yetshiyʌ́ha̲yetshiyuhwatʌ́ha̲yetshiyatléha̲yetshiʔkʌ́ha̲yetshiyatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ

Older Male Relatives

Pronoun (en)
father
ʔniha
uncle
nulha
grandfather
hsotha
older brother
ʔkʌha
My
lakeʔníha̲laknulhá·lakhsótha̲lakeʔkʌ́ha̲
Your
yaʔníha̲yanulhá·yahsótha̲yaʔkʌ́ha̲
His
loʔníha̲lonulhá·lohsótha̲loʔkʌ́ha̲
Her
akoʔníha̲akonulhá·akohsótha̲akoʔkʌ́ha̲
All our
shukwaʔníha̲shukwanulhá·shukwahsótha̲shukwaʔkʌ́ha̲
All of yours
hetswaʔníha̲hetswanulhá·hetswahsótha̲hetswaʔkʌ́ha̲

Younger Male Relatives

Pronoun (en)
son
yʌha
nephew
uhwatʌha
grandson
atleha
younger brother
ʔkʌha
great-grandson
atleʔslʌtuheʔ
My
liyʌ́ha̲liyuhwatʌ́ha̲liyatléha̲liʔkʌ́ha̲liatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
Your
hetshyʌ́ha̲hetshyuhwatʌ́ha̲hetshatléha̲hetshʔkʌ́ha̲hetshatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
His
loyʌ́ha̲lauhwatʌ́ha̲lotléha̲loʔkʌ́ha̲lotleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
Her
luwayʌ́ha̲luwauhwatʌ́ha̲luwatléha̲luwaʔkʌ́ha̲luwatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
All our
hetniyʌ́ha̲hetniyuhwatʌ́ha̲hethyatléha̲hetniʔkʌ́ha̲hethyatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ
All of yours
hetsniyʌ́ha̲hetsniyuhwatʌ́ha̲hetshyatléha̲hetsniʔkʌ́ha̲hetshyatleʔslʌ́·tuheʔ

Cousins & Friends

Pronoun (en)
cousin
alaʔse
friend
atʌlo
Our (someone and I)
ukalá·seʔukyatʌlo
All your
tsyalá·seʔtsyatʌlo
Their (males, mix)
lonalá·seʔlonatʌlo
Their (females)
yonalá·seʔyonatʌlo
All our
ukwalá·seʔukwatʌlo
All of yours
swalá·seʔswatʌlo

Family

Pronoun (en)
family
hwa·tsíleʔ
My
akhwa·tsíleʔ
Your
sahwa·tsíleʔ
His
laohwa·tsíleʔ
Her
akohwa·tsíleʔ
Its
aohwa·tsíleʔ
Our (you and I)
uknihwa·tsíleʔ
All your
snihwa·tsíleʔ
All our
ukwahwa·tsíleʔ
All of yours
swahwa·tsíleʔ
All (males) their
laotihwa·tsíleʔ
All (females) their
aotihwa·tsíleʔ

Siblings, Related

Pronoun (en)
siblings
ekʌha
related
atatnuhkweʔ
siblings of the same sex
te…atahnu·téleʔ
Our (you and I)
tetyatatekʌhatyatátnuhkweʔtetyatahnu·téleʔ
Our (someone and I)
teyakyatatekʌhayakyatátnuhkweʔteyakyatahnu·téleʔ
All your
tetsyatatekʌhatsyatátnuhkweʔtetsyatahnu·téleʔ
Their (males, mix)
tehyatatekʌhahyatátnuhkweʔtehyatahnu·téleʔ
Their (females)
tekyatatekʌhakyatátnuhkweʔtekyatahnu·téleʔ
All our
tetwatatekʌhatwatátnuhkweʔtetwatahnu·téleʔ
All our (they and I)
teyakwatatekʌhayakwatátnuhkweʔteyakwatahnu·téleʔ
All of yours
teswatatekʌhaswatátnuhkweʔteswatathnu·téleʔ
All (males) their
tehutatekʌhahutátnuhkweʔtehutahnu·téleʔ
All (females) their
tekutatekʌhakutátnuhkweʔtekutahnu·téleʔ

Multiple Family Members

Pronoun (en)
parents
yʌha
children
yʌʔokuha
grandparents
hsotha
grandchildren
atleʔokuha
My
yukyʌ́ha̲kheyoʔokúha̲yukhsótha̲kheyatleʔokúha̲
Your
yesayʌ́ha̲sheyoʔokúha̲yesahsótha̲sheyatleʔokúha̲
His
luwayʌ́ha̲shakoyʌʔokúha̲luwahsótha̲shakotleʔokúha̲
Her
shakotiyʌ́ha̲luwatiyʌʔokúha̲shakotihsótha̲luwʌnatleʔokúha̲
All our
yukhiyʌʔokúha̲yethiyʌʔokúha̲yukhihsothokúha̲yethiyatleʔokúha̲
All of yours
yetshiyʌʔokúha̲yetshiyʌʔokúha̲yetshihsothokúha̲yetshiyatleʔokúha̲
Pronoun (en)
older siblings
ʔkʌʔokuha
younger siblings
ʔkʌʔokuha
uncles & aunts
nulha·shuha
nephews & nieces
uhwatʌʔokuha
My
yukeʔkʌʔokúha̲kheʔkʌʔokúha̲yuknulhaʔshúhakheyuhwatʌʔokuha
Your
yesaʔkʌʔokúha̲sheʔkʌʔokúha̲yesanulhaʔshúhasheyuhwatʌʔokuha
His
luwaʔkʌʔokúha̲shakoʔkʌʔokúha̲luwanulhaʔshúhashakonuhwatʌʔokuha
Her
shakotiʔkʌʔokúha̲utateʔkʌʔokúha̲shakotinulhaʔshúhautatyuhwatʌʔokuha
All our
yukhiʔkʌʔokúha̲yethiʔkʌʔokúha̲yukhinulhaʔshúhayethiyuhwatʌʔokuha
All of yours
yetshiʔkʌʔokúha̲yetshiʔkʌʔokúha̲yetshinulhaʔshúhayetshiyuhwatʌʔokuha
Pronoun (en)
siblings
ʔkʌʔokuha
cousins
ʔkʌʔokuha
friends
nulha·shuha
My
teyakwatahnuteleʔshú·haukwalaʔsé·shuhaukwatʌloʔslaʔshúha
Your
teswatahnuteleʔshú·haswalaʔsé·shuhaswatʌloʔslaʔshúha
His
tehutahnuteleʔshú·halonalaʔsé·shuhalonatʌloʔslaʔshúha
Her
tehutahnuteleʔshú·halonalaʔsé·shuhalonatʌloʔslaʔshúha
tekutahnuteleʔshú·haonalaʔsé·shuhaonatʌloʔslaʔshúha

unheʔ — (to be) alive

Below is the paradigm table for unheʔ. It is a U-stem root word and uses red pronominals.
PhraseTranslation
kúnheʔI am alive
súnheʔYou are alive
lúnheʔHe is alive
yakúnheʔShe is alive
yúnheʔIt is alive
tnúnheʔYou and I are alive
yaknúnheʔSomeone and I are alive
snúnheʔYou two are alive
núnheʔTwo males are alive
knúnheʔTwo females are alive
tyúnheʔYou all and I are alive
yakyúnheʔThey and I are alive
tsyúnheʔAll of you are alive
lʌnúnheʔThey (males) are alive
kunúnheʔThey (females) are alive

iheyu — (to be) dead / (to have) died

Below is the paradigm table for iheyu. It is an I-stem root word and uses blue pronominals.
PhraseTranslation
wakiheyúI am dead; I have died
sʌheyúYou are dead; You have died
lawʌheyúHe is dead; He has died
yakawʌheyúShe is dead; She has died
yawʌheyúIt is dead; It has died
yuknʌheyúYou and I are dead; You and I have died
yuknʌheyúSomeone and I are dead; Someone and I have died
snʌheyúYou two are dead; You two have died
lonʌheyúTwo males are dead; Two males have died
yonʌheyúTwo females are dead; Two females have died
yukwʌheyúYou all and I are dead; You all and I have died
yukwʌheyúThey and I are dead; They and I have died
swʌheyúAll of you are dead; All of you have died
lonʌheyúThey (males) are dead; They (males) have died
yonʌheyúThey (females) are dead; They (females) have died

atukohtu — to have passed on

Below is the paradigm table for atukohtu. It is an A-stem root word and uses blue pronominals.
PhraseTranslation
lotukóhtu̲He has passed on
yakotukóhtu̲She has passed on
yotukóhtu̲It has passed on
lonatukóhtu̲They (males) have passed on
yonatukóhtu̲They (females) have passed on

Deceased Family Members

In Oneida, talking about those who have passed on requires care. An additional suffix is either added on to the end of a word or replaces the last syllable of a word. The rules are:
Notice that, in many cases, accents, stresses, and lengths move places.
EnglishTranslation
my late mother
aknulhaʔkʌ́
my late father
lakeʔnikʌ́
my late grandmother
aksotkʌ́
my late grandfather
laksotkʌ́
my late aunt
yuknulhaʔkʌ́
my late uncle
laknulhaʔkʌ́
my late older sister
yukeʔkʌ́haʔkʌ́
my late older brother
lakeʔkʌhaʔkʌ́
my late younger sister(s)
kheʔkʌhaʔkʌ́
my late younger brother
liʔkʌhaʔkʌ́
my late niece(s) & nephew(s)
kheyuhwatʌʔkʌ́
my late nephew
liyuhwatʌʔkʌ́
my late daughter
kheyʌhaʔkʌ́
my late son
liyʌhaʔkʌ́
my late granddaughter(s) / grandchildren
kheyatlehaʔkʌ́
my late grandson
liyatlehaʔkʌ́
my late cousin
ukyalaʔsehaʔkʌ́
my late friend
ukyatʌloʔkʌ́

Numbers

Counting in Oneida can be tricky. It is essential to first learn the numbers from 1 to 10. Then you can use the following rules:
EnglishTranslation
1
úska
2
tékni
tékeni̲
3
áhsʌ̲
4
kayé
5
wisk
6
yá·yak
7
tsyá·tak
8
tékluʔ
9
wá·tluʔ
10
oyé·li̲
11
úska yawʌ·lé·
12
tékni yawʌ·lé·
13
áhsʌ yawʌ·lé·
14
kayé yawʌ·lé·
15
wisk yawʌ·lé·
16
yá·yak yawʌ·lé·
17
tsyá·tak yawʌ·lé·
18
tékluʔ yawʌ·lé·
19
wá·tluʔ yawʌ·lé·
20
tewáhsʌ
21
tewáhsʌ úska
22
tewáhsʌ tékni
30
áhsʌ niwáhsʌ
40
kayé niwáhsʌ
50
wisk niwáhsʌ
60
yá·yak niwáhsʌ
70
tsyá·tak niwáhsʌ
80
tékluʔ niwáhsʌ
90
wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ
99
wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·tluʔ
100
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
101
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska
110
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ oyé·li
111
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska yawʌ·lé
120
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ tewáhsʌ
130
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ áhsʌ niwáhsʌ
140
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ kayé niwáhsʌ
150
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wisk niwáhsʌ
160
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ yá·yak niwáhsʌ
170
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ tsyá·tak niwáhsʌ
180
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ tékluʔ niwáhsʌ
190
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ
199
úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·tluʔ
200
tékni tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
201
tékni tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska
300
áhsʌ tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
400
kayé tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
500
wisk tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
600
yá·yak tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
700
tsya·ták tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
800
tékluʔ tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
900
wá·tluʔ tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
999
wá·tluʔ tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·tluʔ
1000
oyé·li tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
1001
oyé·li tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska
1111
úska yawʌ·lé tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska yawʌ·lé
1200
tékni yawʌ·lé tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
1300
áhsʌ yawʌ·lé tewʌʔnyáweluʔ
1999
wá·tlu yawʌ·lé tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tlu niwáhsʌ wá·tlu
2000
tewáhsʌ tewʌʔnyáweluʔ

kstʌha — (to be) old

Below is the paradigm table for kstʌha. It is a C-stem root word and uses blue pronominals.
PhraseTranslation
wakekstʌ́haI am old
sakstʌ́haYou are old
lokstʌ́haHe is old
yakokstʌ́haShe is old
yokstʌ́haIt is old
yuknikstʌ́haYou and I are old
yuknikstʌ́haSomeone and I are old
snikstʌ́haYou two are old
lotikstʌ́haTwo males are old
yotikstʌ́haTwo females are old
yukwakstʌ́haYou all and I are old
yukwakstʌ́haThey and I are old
swakstʌ́haAll of you are old
lotikstʌ́haThey (males) are old
yotikstʌ́haThey (females) are old

kʌʔ nit...yʌha — (to be) young

Below is the paradigm table for kʌʔ nit...yʌha. It is a C-stem root word and uses blue pronominals.
This one is different from the words discussed so far. The author is unsure of why there the nit occurs before the pronominal.
PhraseTranslation
kʌʔ nitwakyʌ́haI am young
kʌʔ nitisayʌ́haYou are young
kʌʔ nitloyʌ́haHe is young
kʌʔ nityakoyʌ́haShe is young
kʌʔ nityoyʌ́haIt is young
kʌʔ nityukniyʌ́haYou and I are young
kʌʔ nityukniyʌ́haSomeone and I are young
kʌʔ nitisniyʌ́haYou two are young
kʌʔ nitlotiyʌ́haTwo males are young
kʌʔ nityotiyʌ́haTwo females are young
kʌʔ nityukwayʌ́haYou all and I are young
kʌʔ nityukwayʌ́haThey and I are young
kʌʔ nitiswayʌ́haAll of you are young
kʌʔ nitlotiyʌ́haThey (males) are young
kʌʔ nityotiyʌ́haThey (females) are young
Take note of the letter "i" in between the "nit" and the pronominal for the phrases "You are young", "You two are young", and "All of you are young".

naʔ te...ohsliyá·ku̲ — (to be) an age

In Oneida, the more literal translation to say "I am X years old" is "I have crossed X winters". The root word is has an O-stem and uses blue pronominals.
PhraseTranslation
naʔ tewakohsliyá·ku̲I am X years old
naʔ tesohsliyá·ku̲You are X years old
naʔ tehaohsliyá·ku̲He is X years old
naʔ teyakaohsliyá·ku̲She is X years old
naʔ teyaohsliyá·ku̲It is X years old
naʔ teyuknohsliyá·ku̲You and I are X years old
naʔ teyuknohsliyá·ku̲Someone and I are X years old
naʔ tesnohsliyá·ku̲You two are X years old
naʔ tehonohsliyá·ku̲Two males are X years old
naʔ teyonohsliyá·ku̲Two females are X years old
naʔ teyukyohsliyá·ku̲You all and I are X years old
naʔ teyukyohsliyá·ku̲They and I are X years old
naʔ tetsyohsliyá·ku̲All of you are X years old
naʔ tehonohsliyá·ku̲They (males) are X years old
naʔ teyonohsliyá·ku̲They (females) are X years old
As a more concerete example, the Oneida translation for "I am 35 years old" is 35 naʔ tewakohsliyá·ku̲.

Particles

OneidaEnglishExamples
akwekú
everyone, everything
Akwekú knú·wehseʔ
I like everything.
twakwekú
you all and I
Twakwekú yethiyʌtelí
We all know her.
yakwakwekú
they and I
Yakwakwekú yakwanú·wehseʔ
They all & I like it.
swakwekú
all of you
Swakwekú swanú·wehseʔ
You all like it.
latikwekú
all of them (males, males/females)
Latikwekú yuknú·wehseʔ
They Ms all like me.
kutikwekú
all of them (females)
Kutikwekú kutinú·wehse
They Fs all like it.
tho
that, there, that thing
Tho ní· knú·wehseʔ
That's what I like.
Yáh tho tehokhstʌ ha
He's not that old.
átiʔ náhteʔ
anything, whatever
Áti náhteʔ ni·sé· snú·wehseʔ, né· ú·ni knú·wehseʔ
Whatever you like, I also like.
áti úhkaʔ
anyone, anybody, whoever
Khenú·wehseʔ kwáh áti úhkaʔ isé· shenú·wehseʔ
I like whoever you like.
sʌ́haʔ ... tsiʔ ni·yót né·
more than
Sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ né· Tá·wet tsiʔ ni·yót né· Tshyalé
I like David more than Charlie.
kaló
on this side (of something), less than
Kaló né· oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku
He's less than ten years old.
né· ok
just / only
Né· ok oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku
He's just ten years old.
né· tshá·kat
it is the same, they are the same
Né· kʌ tshá·kat kaʔikʌ
Are these (things) the same?
tekyattíhʌ
it is different, it is uneven
Tekyattihʌ tsiʔ ní·yot thikʌ̲
They are different than that.
tetsyalú
both, either, neither
Tetsyalú ni· knú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ
I like both of these.
thóha
almost
Thóha oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku
He's almost ten years old.
tó· ni
How many/much?
Tó· nisahwístayʌʔ
How much money do you have?

Dialogue

Here is some dialogue using terminology from module 1 and 2.

Example 1

Tó· naʔtehaohsliyá·ku neʔn yaʔníha̲
Thó ha wisk niwáhsʌ naʔtehaohsliyá·ku lakeʔníha̲
To·kʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ tho naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
ʌ́·, tho naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sheyʌtelí né·n sʌ́haʔ kʌʔnityako·yʌ́·
Sʌ́haʔ kʌʔnitho·yʌ́· loʔniha̲
Íhsi nú· né· téklu niwáhsʌ naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Tetsitsyatyelʌ́ kʌ́ neʔn yahsó tha
Tah. Yah thaʔtetsyakyatyelʌ́ˍ
Íhsi né· wisk niwáhsʌ niyohslaké sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́haʔ tsiʔ ni·yó t niʔí·
Shakoyʌtelí kʌ́ akhwa·tsíle̲
Táh, né· ok laulhá laohwa·tsíleʔ shakoyʌtelíˍ

Example 2

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ kʌʔnityakoyʌhaʔné· yesayʌʔokuha̲
Yaʔníha kʌ́ katʌ sanulhá·
Lakeʔníha sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́haʔ tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn aknulhá·
Tó· nikú sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́ha̲ʔ
Tewáhsʌ niyohslaké sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́ha̲ʔ
E·só· sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́ha̲, wáhi̲
ʌ́·

Example 3

Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ akokstʌ́haʔ né· ukyalaséha Kowáklit tsiʔ ni·yó t neʔn tsyalá·séʔ Tu·wís
Tah. Ukyalá·seʔ Tu·wís sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́haʔ tsiʔ ni·yó ht né· tsyalá·seʔ Kowáklit
Kayé kʌ́ niwáhsʌ naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Tah. Yah tho tehokstʌ́ha̲ʔ
Áhsʌ ok niwáhsʌ wá·tlu naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Sanú hteʔ kʌ́ tó· naʔteyakaohsliyá·ku né· ukyalasé Kowáklit
Tah. Yah tewakánuhteʔ, uhkaʔ náhteʔ né· akonulhá·
Yukeʔkʌ́ha Ní·ki neʔn akonulhá·
Tó· sʌ́haʔ akokstʌ́haʔ Ní·ki tsiʔ ni·yót niʔiséˍ·
Thohaʔ oyé·li niyohslaké sʌ́haʔ akokstʌ́haʔ tsiʔ ni·yó t niʔí·
Yah yeksá· té·kʌ, wáhi̲
To·kʌ́skeʔ kʌ́
ʌ́·

Last Names

Pronoun (EN)PronounPhraseTranslation
Iítekʌná·se·le̲ʔMy last name
Youisétetshsʌná·se·le̲ʔYour last name
Helaulhátehahsʌná·se·le̲ʔHis last name
Sheakaulháteyehsʌná·se·le̲ʔHer last name
They (males)latikwekutehatihsʌná·se·le̲ʔAll (males) their last name

Examples

EnglishTranslation
Is Smith your last name?
Smith kʌ tetsʌná·se·leʔ
Smith is not my last name
Yah Smith thaʔtekhsʌná·se·leʔ
Jackson is 50 Cent's last name
Jackson né· tehahsʌná·sleʔ 50 Cent
Knowles is Beyonce's last name
Knowles né· teyehsʌná·sleʔ Beyonce
McCartney, Lennon, Harrison & Starr are the last names of the Beatles
McCartney, Lennon, Harrison & Starr né· tehatihsʌná·sleʔ Beatles

Last Names

Pronoun (EN)PronounPhraseTranslation
Iíaklihwá·ke̲About I
Youisésalihwá·ke̲About You
Helaulhálaolihwá·ke̲About He
Sheakaulháakolihwá·ke̲About She
Itaulháaolihwá·ke̲About It
They (males)latikwekulaotilihwá·ke̲About They (males)
They (females)kutikwekuaotilihwá·ke̲About They (females)

Examples

EnglishTranslation
Do you know anything about me?
Sanúhteʔ kʌ náhteʔ ní· aklihwá·ke
Tell me a little bit about yourself.
Takhló·li ostúha ni·isé· salihwá·ke
What do you know about David?
Náhteʔ né· sanúhteʔ Tá·wit laolihwá·ke
Who is this about?
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ né· akolihwá·ke kaʔí·kʌ
What's this about?
Náhteʔ aolihwá·ke kaʔi·kʌ ̲
I don't like anything about them.
Yáh náhteʔ né· teʔknú·wehseʔ lonulhá· laotilihwá·ke

Similar in Appearance

These words make use of the semi-reflexive feature.
Pronoun (EN)PronounPhraseTranslation
You and Itetniyáhsetetsityatyelʌ́You and I look alike
Someone and Iteyakniyáhsetetsyakyatyelʌ́Someone and I look alike
You twotesniyáhsetetsitsyatyelʌ́You two look alike
Two malestehniyáhseteshyatyelʌ́Two males look alike
Two femalestekniyáhseteskyatyelʌ́Two females look alike
You all and Itwakwekutetsitwatyelʌ́You all and I look alike
They and Iyakwakwekutetsyakwatyelʌ́They and I look alike
All of youswakwekutetsiswatyelʌ́All of you look alike
They (males)latikwekuteshutyelʌ́They (males) look alike
They (females)kutikwekuteskutyelʌ́They (females) look alike

Things that are the same

EnglishTranslation
They are the same
Né· tshá·kat
Are they the same?
Né· kʌ tshá·kat
They are not the same
yah né· tshá·kat té·kʌ
Someone and I are the same age
tshaʔteyuknohsliyá·ku
You two are the same age
tshaʔ tesnohsliyá·ku
We are all the same age
tshaʔ teyukyohsliyá·ku
You all are the same age
tshaʔ tetsyohsliyá·ku
They Ms are the same age
tshaʔ tehonohsliyá·ku
They Fs are the same age
tshaʔ teyonohsliyá·ku
You and I have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ tetnihsʌná·se·leʔ
Someone and I have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ teʔyaknihsʌná·se·leʔ
You two have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ tehsnihsʌná·se·leʔ
Two males have the same last name
tshaʔteyót tsiʔ tehnihsʌná·se·leʔ
Two females have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ teknihsʌná·se·leʔ
We all have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ tetwahsʌná·se·leʔ
They and l have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ teyakwahsʌná·se·leʔ
You all have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ tehswahsʌná·se·leʔ
They Ms have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ tehatihsʌná·se·leʔ
They Fs have the same last name
tshaʔ teyót tsiʔ tekutihsʌná·se·leʔ

Being Different

These words make use of the semi-reflexive feature.
Pronoun (EN)PronounPhraseTranslation
You and ItetniyáhsetetyattíhʌYou and I are different
Someone and IteyakniyáhseteyakyattíhʌSomeone and I are different
You twotesniyáhsetetsyattíhʌYou two are different
Two malestehniyáhsetehyattíhʌTwo males are different
Two femalestekniyáhsetekyattíhʌTwo females are different
You all and ItwakwekutetwattíhʌYou all and I are different
They and IyakwakwekuteyakwattíhʌThey and I are different
All of youswakwekuteswattíhʌAll of you are different
They (males)latikwekutehuattíhʌThey (males) are different
They (females)kutikwekutekuattíhʌThey (females) are different

Translation Exercises

1Akwekú neʔn teyakwatahnu·teleʔ yesanú·wehse 
2Lawʌheyú kʌ neʔn Wílo lohsótha 
3Sheyʌtelí kʌ úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ neʔn lutátnuhkweʔ Tu·wís 
4Shekú kʌ tehnúnheʔ yesayoʔokúha 
5Yah úhkaʔ teʔkheyʌtelí thikʌ lutátnuhkweʔ Tshyalé 
6Íhsi kʌ nú· né· oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku né· etsheʔkʌ ha 
7Yah tehyatátnuhkweʔ Tu·wís kháleʔ tsyalá·seʔ nok tsiʔ teshyatyelʌ 
8Smith kʌ tehnihsʌná·sleʔ né· Tshyalé luwayoʔokuha 
9Náhteʔ ok kʌ sanuhte né· liʔkʌ ha laolihwá·ke 
10Tó· sʌ haʔ kʌʔnitho·yʌ ·ha né· Kwítel tsiʔ ni·yót niʔisé· 
11Latikwekú kaló nʌ né· oyé·li naʔtehonohsliyá·ku neʔn luwatiyʌʔokúha 
12Sʌ haʔ kʌ kʌʔnitisayʌ ha tsiʔ ni·yót swatʌloʔshúha 
13Yah úhkaʔ náhteʔ teyuknú·wehseʔ né· yaʔníha laohwa·tsíleʔ 
14Tákʌʔ ʌshehlo·lí· yukeʔkʌ ha tsiʔ yakawʌheyú né· yonatʌ·ló· 
15Yah thaʔtetsitsyatyelʌ né· tsyalá·seʔ Kwítel 
16Shekú kʌ tehnúnheʔ né· Tá·wet luwayʌ ha 
17Akwekú luwá·nuwehseʔ thikʌ lokstʌ ha 
18Yah thaʔteyakyatatyʌtelí né· tsyalá·seʔ Wílo 
19To niyohslaké sʌ haʔ kʌʔnitho·yʌ · neʔn yanulhá· tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn yaʔníha 
20Akwekú kʌ shakoyʌtelí neʔn sheyatleʔokúha 
21Her granddaughter is less than 10 years old. 
22Is your cousin Paul younger than you? 
23I don't know all of your younger sisters. 
24Her late grandmother's name is Ellen. 
25What are your brothers' and sisters' names? 
26Is Margaret's older sister still alive? 
27My parents don't know your parents. 
28Is your late grandfather's name Joe? 
29He doesn't know anyone in my uncle's family. 
30My niece is just eight years younger than me. 
31He's almost 50 years old, he's not that young. 
32John's parents are not alive. They're dead. 
33What is Mary's granddaughter's last name? 
34Tell us who you are related to. 
35How much older is your older sister than you? 
36Are you related to that young good- looking woman named Kathy? 
37How many of his kids are still alive? 
38Who do you look like in your family? 
39She doesn't know me but she still hates me. 
40Do my parents and your parents know one another?